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三陰性乳腺癌缺乏臨床醫(yī)生用于靶向治療的三大受體,這使精準(zhǔn)治療選擇非常有限。對(duì)于經(jīng)過(guò)廣泛研究的其他乳腺癌,5年生存率大約95%,大多數(shù)患者能夠長(zhǎng)期生存,是因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)找到驅(qū)動(dòng)癌癥的基因,但是對(duì)于三陰性乳腺癌,癌癥的驅(qū)動(dòng)基因尚不明確,因此患者結(jié)局往往較差。三陰性乳腺癌對(duì)年輕女性的影響尤其顯著,其特征之一為染色體重排,即細(xì)胞大段染色體缺失或重復(fù),該現(xiàn)象被稱為非整倍體,是多種侵襲性癌癥的標(biāo)志。雖然染色體紊亂對(duì)健康細(xì)胞具有毀滅性,但是能夠極大促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),并加速其在體內(nèi)的擴(kuò)散。由于每個(gè)受影響的染色體區(qū)域都攜帶數(shù)百個(gè)基因,因此難以確定哪些基因?qū)θ幮匀橄侔┱嬲l(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,這阻礙了新療法的研發(fā)。
2026年7月8日,全球自然科學(xué)三大旗艦期刊之首、英國(guó)《自然》正刊在線發(fā)表加拿大西奈山醫(yī)院、多倫多大學(xué)、安大略癌癥研究院、多倫多兒童醫(yī)院、比利時(shí)魯汶大學(xué)、佛拉蒙生物技術(shù)研究院、美國(guó)密歇根大學(xué)、舊金山加利福尼亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院、洛克菲勒大學(xué)、西班牙加泰羅尼亞腫瘤研究院、赫羅納生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究院的研究報(bào)告,解開(kāi)了染色體紊亂如何驅(qū)動(dòng)癌癥這一長(zhǎng)期存在的謎團(tuán),并發(fā)現(xiàn)了81個(gè)與三陰性乳腺癌相關(guān)的新基因,為治療開(kāi)辟了新的途徑。
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為了繪制三陰性乳腺癌驅(qū)動(dòng)基因的完整圖譜,在多年前已將基因組編輯技術(shù)用于小鼠乳腺的基礎(chǔ)上,研究者開(kāi)發(fā)了新的基因編輯工具,能夠在小鼠體內(nèi)同時(shí)對(duì)數(shù)千個(gè)基因進(jìn)行功能測(cè)試。雖然該工具功能強(qiáng)大,但是存在關(guān)鍵的局限性:只能沉默基因,無(wú)法激活基因。
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為了克服該難題,進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)了基因敲除與激活關(guān)聯(lián)分析,能夠在小鼠體內(nèi)同時(shí)沉默基因并激活其他基因,全面測(cè)試當(dāng)染色體重排引起單個(gè)基因缺失或擴(kuò)增時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
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研究者利用該工具對(duì)位于三陰性乳腺癌常見(jiàn)紊亂染色體的3750個(gè)基因進(jìn)行篩查,發(fā)現(xiàn)81個(gè)此前未知的致癌基因。令人驚訝的是,其中90%的基因在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中完全未被檢測(cè)到。之前未能發(fā)現(xiàn)這些致癌基因的原因在于一直使用體外細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)模型進(jìn)行研究,現(xiàn)在可以在體內(nèi)直接研究,從而觀察到只有在真實(shí)的腫瘤微環(huán)境中才會(huì)出現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜生物學(xué)特征。
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在該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的眾多致癌基因中,PLGRKT基因尤為突出,是特別有效的三陰性乳腺癌驅(qū)動(dòng)基因,能夠幫助癌細(xì)胞在氧氣稀少的腫瘤深處生存,其機(jī)制是通過(guò)切換到另一種代謝途徑獲取能量。該適應(yīng)能力可積極促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng),因此PLGRKT基因成為靶向治療的理想候選基因。
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該研究整合了計(jì)算分析、生物技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)以及功能基因組學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),并涵蓋了多種小鼠和人類乳腺癌模型,這些技術(shù)的結(jié)合使我們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)許多此前未知的乳腺癌驅(qū)動(dòng)基因,并開(kāi)始思考如何以靶向方式治療三陰性乳腺癌。
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Nature. 2026 Jul 8. IF: 56.1
Aneuploidy selects for the acquisition of driver genes in breast cancer.
Al-Zahrani KN, Langille ER, Nurtanto J, Obersterescu A, Teng K, Lowden C, Dessapt J, Chiu CH, Caldwell LV, Cook DP, Pérez-Castro MA, Berman JM, Tsai R, Bahcheli AT, Mbamalu G, Wu S, Narimatsu M, Lopes AG, Fotiadou I, Chan K, Zhang L, Bang KWA, Parsons MJ, Mourao L, Temel EI, McCulla L, Sravya P, Zhang L, Sajjakulnukit P, Lyssiotis CA, Borowsky AD, Scheele CLGJ, Wahl DR, Jackson HW, Stewart KS, Fuchs E, Egan SE, Pujana MA, Reimand J, Wrana JL, Schramek D.
Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.
Chromosome instability is highly prevalent in cancer and drives large-scale chromosomal imbalances, known as aneuploidies. How aneuploidy contributes to tumorigenesis remains difficult to study due to the vast numbers of genes affected. Here we established a CRISPR knockout- and activation-linked assay (CRISPR-KOALA), enabling high-throughput bidirectional genetic screens in immunocompetent mouse models of cancer. We developed a compendium of the ten most frequent human chromosome-arm-level alterations in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), a disease type that is driven by large copy-number alterations (CNAs). Using CRISPR-KOALA, we screened the mouse orthologues of 3,752 genes on these arms and identified 90 cancer driver genes, the function of the vast majority of which is unknown. These genes drive distinct signalling pathways including MAPK, HIPPO and WNT, reflecting the high degree of BLBC heterogeneity. Manipulating the identified cancer driver genes overcomes the need for CNAs in Trp53-mutant BLBC mouse models. Mechanistically, we identify that PLGRKT is a potent oncogene that lies on chromosome 9p and show that its tumour-promoting activity is associated with highly stress-resistant mitochondria and an increased ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species. Together, our findings reveal that arm-level CNAs can function to select specific driver genes to promote heterogeneous biological processes.
PMID: 42420452
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10752-9
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Nature. 2026 Jul 8. IF: 56.1
Breast cancer driver genes found by screening chromosome aberrations in vivo.
KEYWORDS: CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing; Cancer; Genomics
PMID: 42420609
DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-02014-5
來(lái)源: SIBCS
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