導讀
中美AI競爭是國際上的熱點話題。當人們談論AI競爭時,目光總盯著芯片、模型、算法。但真正的底牌,或許藏在中國新疆的風場里。從訓練大模型到生成每一個詞元(Token),背后都在消耗能源。國家能源局局長曾表示,每讓AI生成5秒高清視頻,用電量相當于充滿10部手機。這些看似無形的電力消耗,正成為支撐未來AI競爭的關鍵底座。
起底工作室前往新疆深度調研,重磅推出短片《中美AI競爭的底牌》,帶你看清AI競賽的終極核心。
1
電力,成為AI時代最稀缺的東西
AI的每一次智能輸出,都離不開能源支撐:
訓練一個大型AI模型,消耗的電力足以支撐一座小城市運轉數天;
一次ChatGPT查詢,大約要消耗一次谷歌搜索10倍的電力;
生成一張AI圖片,耗電量幾乎相當于給手機充滿一次電。
Training a large AI model can use as much electricity as a small city uses in days. One ChatGPT query uses roughly 10 times the amount of energy as a Google search, while generating an AI image can use as much power as charging your smartphone.
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然而,過去20年間,美國的用電需求幾乎原地踏步,電力基礎設施也鮮有更新。隨著AI時代到來,電力需求迅速飆升,原本就老化的電網開始面臨巨大壓力。自2025年起,能源問題已成為美國發展AI面臨的頭號難題。
However, for the past 20 years, electricity demand in the US has barely grown. Power infrastructure? Largely frozen in time. But almost overnight, demand has surged.
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能源分析師余德偉指出,美國新建電網項目,光走流程就要等五到七年。問題不在于審批管得嚴,而是他們國內已經造不出足夠的發電、輸電設備了,好比肌肉久不鍛煉,突然想用力,根本使不上勁。
"In the United States case right now, the process to review a new proposed grid infrastructure could take five to seven years. It's not being able to review from a regulatory perspective. It's about not having the domestic capacity anymore to manufacture power generation infrastructure or transmission equipment."
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預計到2035年,美國數據中心的電力需求將達到106吉瓦,而美國作為全球擁有最大核電機組規模的國家,其全部核電裝機輸出約為97吉瓦,仍不足以滿足這一新增需求。
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更棘手的是,數據中心最快18個月即可建成投運,但配套電力設施建設往往需要三倍以上時間。2024年,美國全年僅新增888英里輸電線路,而實際每年約需建設5000英里才能滿足需求。美國能源部一份報告指出,如果不做出改變,到2030年,美國的停電風險可能激增百倍。年停電時長可能從現在的數小時驟增至800多小時。
A US Department of Energy report warns that if nothing changes, blackout risks could increase by 100 times by 2030. Annual outage time could explode from just a few hours today to over 800 hours a year.
2
看看中國的數字,你肯定會震驚
2024年,中國發電量突破一萬太瓦時,比世界上其他國家高出兩倍以上。如此龐大的電力從何而來?我們前往了中國重要的能源基地新疆,進行深度調研。
In 2024, China generated over 10,000 TWh of electricity, more than double any other country on Earth.
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新疆 煤炭儲 量居全國之首,約 占全國 總量的40%。我們前往了新疆準東煤田,那里的煤炭全部由無人駕 駛車輛運輸。
Xinjiang holds the country's largest coal reserves. That's about 40 percent of the national total. We went to Zhundong, where coal is hauled by unmanned vehicles.
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如今,新疆已躋身全球最大的可再生能源基地之列。放眼望去,成片的風機晝夜不停旋轉,光伏板鋪滿廣袤戈壁,將風能、太陽能不斷轉化為綠色電力。風機葉片每轉動一圈,就能發出約8度電,足以支撐2000多次AI搜索。
Xinjiang is now one of the largest renewable energy bases on Earth. Wind turbines are spinning. Solar panels blanket the Gobi Desert. A single rotation of a wind turbine blade can generate about 8 kWh of electricity. That's enough for more than 2000 AI searches.
到2025年底,新疆已建成六座大型可再生能源基地,總裝機容量達到161吉瓦,占新疆電力總裝機容量的60%以上。而161吉瓦約等于美國數據中心2035年預計所需電力的1.5倍。
By the end of 2025, Xinjiang had built six mega-scale renewable energy bases with a total installed capacity reaching 161 gigawatts, accounting for over 60 percent of the region's total power capacity.
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3
一條看不見的“電力高速公路”
但中國的大型數據中心主要分布在北京、上海、重慶、深圳等城市,與新疆相距數千公里。那么,新疆發出的電究竟如何輸送到這些數據中心?答案在于新疆的另一張王牌:特高壓輸電。
How does electricity generated in Xinjiang actually power data centers in China? This is where Xinjiang's other advantage comes in, ultra-high-voltage transmission.
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幾乎轉瞬之間,來自新疆昌吉的電力就能跨越3000多公里,翻山越嶺抵達華東的安徽。正因如此,特高壓輸電也被稱為“電力高速公路”。
In the blink of an eye, electricity generated in Changji, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, travels over 3,000 km, crossing mountains and rivers to reach Anhui in eastern China. This is why ultra-high-voltage transmission is called the electricity highway.
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特高壓輸電線路每輸送1000公里,電能損耗僅約3%,而傳統線路的損耗則超過10%。截至2025年,已有超過1萬億千瓦時電力從新疆輸送到全國20多個省級行政區,其中約三分之一是綠色電力。
O ver every 1,000 km, UHV lines lose as little as about 3 percent of the power they carry, compared to more than 10 percent lost through traditional transmission lines.
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從西部荒漠到東部沿海,中國正將遼闊的國土編織成一張覆蓋全國的能源網絡,并且設立了明確的目標:到“十五五”規劃收官時,新能源裝機容量將占全國電力總裝機容量的一半以上。
From deserts to coastlines, China is transforming its geography into an energy network. And it has set a clear target. By the end of the 15th Five-Year Plan, over half of China's installed power capacity will come from new energy sources.
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AI競賽發軔于芯片,但勝負將取決于電力。當美國AI公司還在苦等2028年才能到貨的燃氣輪機,還要面對可能拖上五到十年的并網審批時,中國的風機正在靜靜轉動,永不停歇,正如這個不斷向前的國家。
The AI race started with chips, but it will be won with watts. American AI companies are still waiting. Waiting for gas turbines until 2028. Waiting for grid connections that can take five to 10 years. Meanwhile, China's wind turbines keep turning quietly, relentlessly, just like the country that builds them.
出品人 曲瑩璞
總監制 邢志剛
監制 柯榮誼
統籌 何娜 張若瓊 李暢翔
記者 孟哲
編導 李彥霖 高潔
攝影 程星承
剪輯 周夢璇
設計 古展榕
運營 高潔
合作部門
中國日報社新疆記者站 毛衛華
中國日報社新媒體中心 出品
起底工作室 承制
跟著China Daily
精讀英語新聞
“無痛”學英語,每天20分鐘就夠!
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